The Kodak Camera

The first Kodak handheld camera sold for $25, equivalent to $500 in modern currency.

First cross-lined halftone screen making the reproduction of photographs practical.

Art for Industry’s Sake

Looking Backward from 2000 to 1887

"The membership of our Society will not be confined to professional geographers, but will include that large number who, like myself, desire to promote special researches by others, and to diffuse the knowledge so gained, among men, so that we may all know more of the world upon which we live."

A Social Work History Station

Buys Cosmopolitan magazine.

Walker increases its circulation from 16,000 to 400,000 in five years.

Founds the New York Charities Organization Society (COS). Charity societies are based in mediated intervention, with direct relief as a last resort.

Founds Hull-House, an infamous settlement (commons) house. The Settlement house approach was to equalize poverty through direct relief in the form of education and opportunity.

Was founded, joining together Ethical Culture Societies in New York, Chicago, Philadelphia and St. Louis.

Thomas Henry Huxley

"Agnosticism, in fact, is not a creed, but a method, the essence of which lies in the rigorous application of a single principle. That principle is of great antiquity; it is as old as Socrates; as old as the writer who said, 'Try all things, hold fast by that which is good' . . . it is the fundamental axiom of modern science."

Along with the first transparent flexible film stocks, making motion pictures possible. Photography was still out of reach of most people, because the new models sold from $32-$50.

Becomes editor of Ladie's Home Journal, a magazine well established with advertisers and reader boasting a circulation of 440,000.

Bok builds on the success of Mrs. Cyrus Curtis, the editor from 1883-9. Writing under the pen-name Ruth Ashmore, Bok starts a department called "Side Talks With Girls" which brought in over 158,000 letters in the next sixteen years. This marked a move from sentimentality, moralizing and piety making the magazine keyed to tastes and practical problems.

Principles of Psychology

First legislation in America to control monopolies

How the Other Half Lives

New York Charity Organization Society

Founds the journal Charities Review

The Erfurt Program

German Social Democratic Party promotes a platform of class equality.

Henry Peach Robinson

Founds the Linked Ring

"No possible amount of scientific truth will in itself make a picture. Something more is required. The truth that is wanted is artistic truth -quite a different thing. Artistic truth is a conventional representation that looks like truth when we have been educated up to accepting it as a substitute for truth."

Paradoxes of Art, Science, and Photography

Deutsches Slang eine sammlung familiärer Ausdrücke und Redensarten

Begins publication

Children of the Poor

Financial Panic of 1893

Major economic failure, the worst nationwide depression since the revolutionary war, which resulted in an atmosphere conducive to reform proposals.

AP Wire Reports

The American Arts and Crafts Movement

Traces its beginnings to the Columbian Exhibition

Visits the Columbian Exhibition.

Munsey's Magazine

Slashes its price from 25 cents to 10 cents triggering a magazine price war. Production costs of magazines shift from low-volume to high-volume through the subsidy of advertising. According to William Allen White:

"Frank Munsey contributed to the journalism of his day the talent of a meat packer, the morals of a money changer and the manner of an undertaker. He and his kind have succeded in transforming a once noble profession into an 8 percent security. May he rest in trust."

Munsey's Magazine

Circulation reaches 500,000

Gustave Le Bon

The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind

“History can only be clearly understood if we bear in mind that that the morale and the conduct of the isolated man are very different to those of the same man when he has become part of a collectivity.”

American Mutoscope and Biograph Company

First American Motion Picture Company

Moves to San Francisco

Participates in a social survey project, THE PHILADELPHIA NEGRO: A Social Study, the first study to document the plight of urban African Americans.

Launches a second magazine for the New York COS, Charities

Buys the Saturday Evening Post

Includes mock Native American villages. Extensively documented by F.A. Reinhart.

Out of Mulberry Street:
Stories of Tenement Life in New York City

Founds Newark, Ohio, Camera Club

Spends more than $750,000 on advertizing.

The Symbolist Movement in Literature

Peter Henry Emerson

Naturalistic Photography

"Since all mental progress consists, as Mr. Herbert Spencer has shown, for the most part in differentiation-that is in the analysis of an unknown complex into known components-surely it were a folly to confuse any longer the aims of Science and Art. Rather should we endeavor to draw an indelible line of demarcation between them . . ."

Publishes "The Man with the Hoe" in McClure's Magazine sparking social controversy.

Rudyard Kipling

Publishes "The White Man's Burden" shortly afterward to even greater controversy.

Bernarr MacFadden

Begins publishing Physical Culture magazine.

Its slogan was "Weakness is a Crime: Don't be a Criminal." It fought the terrible evils of prudery, corsets, muscular inactivity, gluttony, drugs, alcohol, and tobacco.

Exhibits at the Royal Photographic Society

The exhibit contains 104 photographs by F. Holland Day, 21 by Edward Steichen, and 9 by Coburn. Also exhibits with the Linked Ring and meets Fredrick H. Evans.

Ladies Home Journal

Approaches a circulation of 1 million.

Founded by Alfred Steiglitz, begins publishing.

Cities

One man show, Camera Club of New York

Works with Gertrude Käsebier

Elected to the Linked Ring

Exhibition at the Pratt Institute in Brooklyn organized by O. Walter Beck

In a 1904 article in Camera Work "Aesthetic Activity in Photography" Sadakichi Hartmann noted that White "saw in photography a medium for serious, high-class book and magazine illustration" (Pictorialism into Modernism p. 16)

Moves to New York City

Publishes fifty images in The Craftsman (volume 9--1906) the leading journal of the American Arts and Crafts Movement

Born August 22.

Begins working for Charities and Commons, a social work magazine published by Paul Kellogg. Also begins working for the National Child Labor Committee (1908-1912).

Formulates the principles of the "Social Gospel" movement.

Pictures of Old Chinatown

Publishes London, first in a projected series The Adventures of Cities, on London, Birmingham, Liverpool, Edinburg, Paris, Pittsburg, New York, and Boston.

Perhaps based in Arthur Symons 1903 Cities. Symons felt that "cities had a character like people and that profound imaginative insight was needed to appreciate them" (Weaver 33).

The trend for guidebooks and books focusing on cities in the ensuing decades seems deeply related.

Purchases a farmhouse near F. Holland Day and opens a summer school-- the Seguinland School of Photography

Relocates his studio to New York

Edward Steichen

First fashion photographs published in an extensive 13 photograph layout.

"Urged by Lucien Vogel to make fashion a fine art through photography . . . My first contribution to fashion photography was to make it look as realistic as possible. I felt like a woman, when she looked at a picture of a gown, should be able to form a very good idea of how that gown was put together and what it looked like" (Steichen )

Illustrates The Door in the Wall and other stories by H.G. Wells, published by Goudy's Village Press by M. Kennerly in New York using tipped-in photogravures.